FREE ESSAY ON BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BEETHOVEN, BERLIOZ AND CHOPIN

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BEETHOVEN, BERLIOZ AND CHOPIN

Beethoven
Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany in 1770 to Johann van Beethoven and his wife, Maria
Magdalena. He took his first music lessons from his father, who was tenor in the choir of
the archbishop-elector of Cologne. His father was an unstable, yet ambitious man whose
excessive drinking, rough temper and anxiety surprisingly did not diminish Beethoven's
love for music. He studied and performed with great success, despite becoming the
breadwinner of his household by the time he was 18 years old. His father's increasingly
serious alcohol problem and the earlier death of his grandfather in 1773 sent his family
into deepening poverty.
At first, Beethoven made little impact on the musical society, despite his father's
hopes. When he turned 11, he left school and became an assistant organist to Christian
Gottlob Neefe at the court of Bonn, learning from him and other musicians. In 1783 he
became the continuo player for the Bonn opera and accompanied their rehearsals on
keyboard. In 1787, he was sent to Vienna to take further lessons from Mozart. Two months
later, however, he was called back to Bonn by the death of his mother. 
He started to play the viola in the Opera Orchestra in 1789, while also teaching in
composing. He met Haydn in 1790, who agreed to teach him in Vienna, and Beethoven then
moved to Vienna permanently. He received financial support from Prince Karl Lichnowsky,
to whom he dedicated his Piano Sonata in C minor, better known as The Pathetique ♪.
He performed publicly in Vienna in 1795 for the first time, and published his Op. 1 and
Op. 2 piano sonatas. His works are traditionally divided into three periods. The first is
called the Viennese Classical, the second is the Heroic, and the third is Late Beethoven.
In the first period, his individuality and style gradually developed, as he used many
methods from Haydn, including the use of silence. He composed mainly for the piano during
this period. These works include Symphony no. 1 in C (1800), his first six string
quartets, and the Pathetique (1799). His Moonlight Sonata in C# minor (1801) is known as
the first of Heroic Beethoven. 
Beethoven learned that he would become deaf in 1802 and suffered sever depression. His
composing skills were not affected by his deafness, but his ability to teach and perform
was inhibited. It is said that he became deaf from his habit of pouring cold water over
his head while composing, to refresh himself, and then not drying his massive amounts of
hair afterwards. He wrote his only opera, Fidelio in 1805. The main theme of the opera
revolves around fidelity, which reflects his personal desire to marry. Other works in the
Heroic period include the Kreuzer Sonata (1803), symphonies 3 - 7, the Violin Concerto in
D major (1806), the Razumovsky Quartets (1806), the Emperor Concerto (1809) and the
Archduke Trio, Op. 97 (1811).
After 1813, during his Late period, Beethoven composed inwardly. He was totally deaf, as
this is sometimes known as the "silent period." Some say that Beethoven was composing
music for a different age. His life became more chaotic and he composed less and less. In
his works, he used more miniaturization and expansion. The music began to become "odd" as
he began to experiment with the number of movements, contrast in volume and dynamics,
harmonic predictability, sonata movements and trills in his works. Beethoven became
increasingly argumentative as he was further tormented by his deafness. Goethe described
his attitude as aggressive, and perhaps understandable, but not easy to live with. He
gave his last performance in 1814, on the piano, but continued to be a respected composer
in Viennese society. Some of his late achievements include the Diabelli Variations
(1820-1823), the last piano sonatas and six string quartets, the Mass in D major, Missa
Solemnis (1823), the Choral Symphony, no. 9 (1824), in which he set Schiller's "Ode to
Joy" in the final movement. At Beethoven's death in 1827, Franz Grillparzer best
described him during his funeral address when he said: "despite all these absurdities,
there was something so touching and ennobling about him that one could not help admiring
him and feeling drawn to him."
Berlioz
Louis Hector Berlioz was born on December 11, 1803, in La Cote-Saint-Andre, a very small
town in the east of France, fairly close to Grenoble, and a little further from Lyon. His
father was a very respected doctor, an openly declared atheist and also a music lover.
His mother was a Catholic. He was brought up under strict Catholicism as a boy, but soon
left the Church and claimed agnosticism for the rest of his life. He started musical
education when he was 13. He took flute (flageolet), vocal and guitar lessons. He did not
study the piano as a child. In fact, his first compositions were for piano, flute and
guitar. For his first 20 years or so, his father was the main influence in his life.
In 1821, his father enrolled him in a medical school in Paris. After about a year of
study there, he became very excited with the study of music. He attended operas in Paris,
which fueled his love for music, and he soon abandoned medical school and enrolled in the
Conservatoire under Jean- Francois le Suer. He wrote his Missa Solemnis, but at the time,
he did not have enough money for it to be performed, so it was performed a year later.
His father agreed to keep his allowance unless he failed in music, at which time he would
need to choose another field. But a year later, he cut it off anyway. His mother cursed
him for choosing the evil life of an artist. 
In 1827, Berlioz became a chorus singer at a vaudeville theater, as he was a very good
sight singer. He did not publicize this, as it was mostly to make ends meet. He saw a
production of Romeo and Juliet in September of 1827 and fell in love with the Irish
actress Harriet Smithson, but she thought he was a mad man. She became an important part
of his life and music. That same year his father restored his allowance because he
admired his son's determination and worried about him. In 1828 he took English lesson so
he could read Shakespeare. He wrote a few articles on music but soon lost interest
because of the restrictions of journalism, and he found it to be boring. 
Finally in 1830, Berlioz won the Prix de Rome. During 1829-1830 he wrote his Symphonie
Fantastique, which he finished during the revolution of 1830. He got his symphony
performed on December 5, 1830. It was subtitled "Episode in the Life of an Artist" and
was performed in the Paris Conservatoire under the direction of Francois Antoine
Habenack. To the score, he attached his program notes, with descriptions of every part of
the song, which helped to get a better idea of how the song should sound. It was, indeed,
a wonder performance. After the concert, Franz Liszt, who he met the day before, was very
excited about Berlioz's music and took him out to dinner. They soon became good friends.
He soon met Camille Mokke, who was out to prove her current admirer wrong by winning
Berlioz over. She did, but he should have regretted it. The next year, he was to go to
Rome for his obligation of winning the Prix de Rome. He stopped in Italy for a month to
visit home. Now, of course, both of his parents were proud of his successful son. He soon
left Rome to find Camille, who he had not heard from in a month as she was strutting
around Paris. On his way, he got a letter in Florence from Camille's mom that informed
him that Camille would be marrying someone else. Camille had fallen in love with a rich,
older piano player, and Berlioz was still a young musician. He left for Paris with plans
of a murder/suicide, but during the long trip, he cooled off a little and returned back
to Rome. 
He returned back to Paris in November 1832 and moved into an apartment that had just
recently been occupied by Harriet Smithson. When Berlioz learned of this, his feelings
immediately came flowing back to him. He gave a concert of Symphonie Fantastique and its
sequel, Lelio in December. He invited Harriet to sit in a box and she attended. Her
career wasn't going so well and she was in financial hardship so she decided to meet
Berlioz. She saw him as a way out of debt, so on October 3, 1833, they were married. In
December, he gave a performance of King Lear, after which Paganini gave him great praise,
and they developed a friendship. Berlioz wrote a piece for him and turned it into Harold
in Italy.
In 1834, they had a son, Louis. Harriet's acting career failed, and her beauty and health
were fading fast. She soon began drinking and was turning into a shrew. Berlioz could not
deal with her anymore, and moved out and took a mistress named Marie Recio, and opera
singer. The next few years after that, he traveled a lot with success in Germany, Russia
and London. He began his memoirs in 1848 and a year after that his father died. Between
1848 and 1855, he traveled more with mixed results. In 1854, Harriet died. 
In 1855, Berlioz was appreciated and recognized as a great composer. His great works were
affecting other composers and his Treatise on Instrumentation was becoming a standard
textbook. In 1862, however, Marie died of a heart attack, and in 1867, his son died of
yellow fever. In January of 1869, Berlioz became very sick and was bedridden. He died two
months later. He is buried in Paris today, with a square bearing his name with an
overlooking statue.
Chopin!
Frederic Francois Chopin, one of the greatest composers of all time, was born in Zelazowa
Wola, near Warsaw on February 22, 1810. His father was a Frenchman who had lived in
Poland for many years and his mother was Polish and of noble birth. He loved to play
music, even as a small child. Before he even knew how to write down his ideas, he started
to compose music. He took piano lessons when he was 6 years old from a Czech teacher
named Wojceich Zywny, who used to base his teaching on Bach and Mozart. When he was 7,
his first composition, the Pollonaise in B flat major, was written down by his father, as
well as some other dances, marches and variations now lost. At the age of 8, he performed
at a public charity concert. During his early years in Warsaw, he loved to hear the
premier artists of the time perform. His first published work, a rondo, appeared when he
was only 15 years old. He graduated from the lyceum at age 17, and he was recognized as
the leading pianist of Warsaw and a very talented composer. 
After Chopin gave two successful concerts in Vienna when he was 19, he began writing
works designed for his original piano style. In 1822, he finishes his studies with Zywny
and begins private composition lessons with Josef Elsner. He enters classes at the Warsaw
Lyceum the next year to further study classical literature, singing, drawing, music
theory and harmony. By the late 1820s, he had already won the reputation as a piano
virtuoso and composer. He toured throughout Europe to the acclaim of audiences and
critics, alike. He made his first visit to Vienna in 1829, where he played concerts and
received critical acclaim. The audience's response was very favorable and Chopin was
impressed with the warm acceptance of his music and pianistic abilities. The following
year, he performed the Concerto in F minor with a small orchestra for family and friends,
then has its premier in Warsaw's National Theater on March 17.
In Vienna in 1831, he continues to compose some Mazurkas and Etudes, and attends the
local opera and becomes very involved in the local musical life. According to some, the
first sketches of the 1st Scherzo and Ballade originated in Vienna. Poland then decided
to revolt against its Russian rulers. As a result, the Russian czar put Warsaw under
strict military rule, and Chopin decided to go to Paris, which was the center of the
romantic movement in the arts. He fell deeply in love with the city in 1831, and never
again returned to Warsaw. He soon became a favorite of the Parisian salons, and the
society elite. He gave lessons and concerts, and publishers paid well for his
compositions. The French loved his genius and charm, and he was always in great demand as
both a pianist and a teacher.
1833 and 1834 were very productive years for Chopin. His works greatly increased. Among
them are the Variations Brillantes, the Rondo op. 16, and the Waltz op. 18. He completed
the Andante Spianato, Grande Polonaise Brillante, and the Scherzo no. 1 in 1835. He
traveled to meet his parents and continues on to Dresden and Leipzig where he has a
series of meetings with Robert Schumann and Mendelssohn. He became very ill during the
winter months of 1835, and writes his will and testament. In 1836, some of his greatest
works appear in print for the first time, such as Concerto in F minor, Polonaise op. 22,
Ballade op. 23, Mazurkas op. 24, Polonaise op. 26, and Nocturnes op. 27.
In late October of 1836, Chopin met the novelist, Baroness Aurore Dudevant, who used the
pen name George Sand. He did not at first like Sand, but upon his return from London in
1837, their relationship intensified. They began a relationship that would prove to be
the most influential and devastating events of his life. He published his Etudes op. 25
and dedicated them to Countess Marie d'Agoult . In November he wrote the Trio from the
Funeral March Sonata on the anniversary evening of the uprising in Poland. 
Chopin's fame continuing in Paris, he gives a concert in the Tuileries at the court of
Louis Philippe I, then at a concert given by Valentin Alkan at the Pape salons. In 1840,
as his illness progresses, he continues to give piano lessons to members of the
aristocracy. It was the fashion among the ladies and girls of Paris society to be known
as a pupil of Chopin. He published Sonata op. 35, Impromptu op. 36, Nocturne op. 37,
Ballade op. 38, Scherzo op. 39, Polonaises op. 40, Mazurkas op. 41 and the Waltz op. 42
during the summer of 1840. 
His reputation only increased as his health worsened. In 1843, he and Sand go to Nohant
in the summer where he works on the Nocturnes op. 55 and the Mazurkas op. 56. There he
composed the Sonata op. 58 and the Berceuse in the summer and autumn. He composes and
corresponds with friends and family as his health continued to deteriorate in 1845. He
attended concerts in Paris and receives visits from Delacroix and Mickiewicz. He composed
the Mazurkas op. 59 and completed the Sonata for cello, the Barcarolle and the
Polonaise-Fantasie. By 1847, Chopin's highly-charged relationship with Sand had ended,
leaving Chopin heartbroken. 
On February of 1848, Chopin played his last concert in Paris at the Pleyel salon. He
performed some of the preludes, mazurkas, waltzes, the Berceuse, the Barcarolle, and with
Auguste Franchomme his own cello sonata. A few days after, the February revolution broke
out in Paris, reducing the number of lessons and affecting Chopin's livelihood. He then
traveled to England and stayed there for 7 months, giving concerts in salons and public
halls. He continued to give lessons to the aristocracy there, and also met Queen
Victoria, Charles Dickens and Lady Byron. He then goes to Scotland and composes the Waltz
in B minor. In November of 1848, he returns to London, very ill. 
In 1949, Chopin stops teaching and visits the sick Mickiewicz. He receives numerous
visits from friends, pupils and ladies, and Delacroix is a regular visitor. The Mazurka
in F minor, his last work dates from the summer of 1849. He is visited by his sister
Ludwika with her daughter and husband. He orders them to throw all of his unpublished and
uncompleted works into the fire.
"You will find many works, more or less worth of me; in the name of the affection which
you hold for me, please burn them all apart from the beginning of my method for piano.
The rest, without any exception, must be consumed by fire, for I have too much respect
for my public and I do not want all the pieces unworthy of my public to be distributed on
my responsibility under my name."
Soon after 2:00 AM on October 17, 1849, Chopin dies. On the 30th of October, Preludes in
E minor and B minor, and also his Requiem were performed at his funeral by his wishes.
His heart was taken to Warsaw and placed in the Holy Cross Church according to his
wishes.